1-Methyl-3-(4-chloro­benzo­yl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-1-ium-2-olate

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C15H11ClN2O2, the nine-membered heterobicycle is approximately planar [largest deviation from least-squares plane = 0.012 (2) Å] and forms a dihedral angle of 51.14 (8)° with the plane of the 4-chloro­phenyl group. There is a non-classical intra­molecular hydrogen bond between the pyridine α-H atom and the O atom of the benzoyl group. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl inter­actions involving the ‘olate’ O atom and the Cl atom attached to the benzoyl group as acceptors

Variational principles of micromagnetics revisited

We revisit the basic variational formulation of the minimization problem associated with the micromagnetic energy, with an emphasis on the treatment of the stray field contribution to the energy, which is intrinsically non-local. Under minimal assumptions, we establish three distinct variational principles for the stray field energy: a minimax principle involving magnetic scalar potential and two minimization principles involving magnetic vector potential. We then apply our formulations to the dimension reduction problem for thin ferromagnetic shells of arbitrary shapes

Миграционный кризис в Европейском Союзе: происхождение, особенности и меры противодействия

The present paper studies the mass and uncontrollable streams of migrants into the European Union (EU) starting from 2014. In scientific and public discourse, this phenomenon was called the “migratory crisis”. The paper analyzes the causes of forced migration from Africa and the Middle East, which is characterized both by national and global problems. The authors reveal the ambiguous position of EU member states with respect to the illegal migration and identify two basic approaches, which were formed in the course of political discussions concerning this crisis in the context of EU safety. In particular, the research shows the changes in the content of threats to the EU member states, caused by the uncontrollable migration in the recent decades. The article presents a survey of the fundamental characteristics of migratory crisis, the measures developed by the EU structures for its overcoming and the results of their implementation.El presente artículo estudia los flujos incontrolables y masivos de migrantes que viajan a la Unión Europea (UE) desde 2014. Tanto en el ámbito público como el científico, este fenómeno fue llamado “crisis migratoria”. Este documento analiza las causas que provocaron los movimientos migratorios desde África y Oriente Medio, las cuales tienen sus raíces tanto en problemas nacionales como globales. Asimismo, los autores revelan la posición ambigua de la UE con respecto a la inmigración ilegal, identificando dos principales enfoques que se crearon durante el desarrollo de discusiones políticas relativas a la crisis en el contexto de la seguridad en la UE. En particular, esta investigación muestra los cambios en forma de “amenazas” a los estados miembros de la UE provocados por la incontrolable migración de las últimas décadas. Este artículo también presenta un estudio de las características fundamentales de la crisis migratoria, las medidas adoptadas por las instituciones de la UE para afrontarla y los resultados que han tenido la implementación de las mismas.Este artigo estuda os fluxos incontroláveis e massivos de migrantes que viajam para a União Européia (UE) desde 2014. Nas duas esferas, pública e científica, esse fenômeno foi chamado de "crise migratória". Este documento analisa as causas que causaram os movimentos migratórios da África e do Oriente Médio, que têm suas raízes em problemas nacionais e globais. Além disso, os autores revelam a posição ambígua da UE no que diz respeito à imigração ilegal, identificando duas abordagens principais que foram criadas durante o desenvolvimento de discussões políticas relacionadas com a crise no contexto da segurança na UE. Em particular, esta pesquisa mostra as mudanças na forma de "ameaças" aos estados membros da UE causadas pela migração incontrolável das últimas décadas. Este artigo também apresenta um estudo sobre as características fundamentais da crise migratória, as medidas adotadas pelas instituições da UE para lidar com ela e os resultados da implementação da mesma.В настоящей работе рассматриваются массовые и неконтролируемые потоки мигрантов в Европейский союз (ЕС), начиная с 2014 года. В научном и общественном дискурсе это явление получило название "миграционный кризис". В статье анализируются причины вынужденной миграции из Африки и Ближнего Востока, которая характеризуется как национальными, так и глобальными проблемами. Авторы выявляют неоднозначную позицию государств-членов ЕС в отношении нелегальной миграции и выделяют два основных подхода, которые сформировались в ходе политических дискуссий относительно данного кризиса в контексте безопасности ЕС. В частности, исследование показывает изменения в содержании угроз для государств-членов ЕС, вызванные неконтролируемой миграцией за последние десятилетия. В статье представлен обзор фундаментальных характеристик миграционного кризиса, разработанных структурами ЕС мер по его преодолению и результатов их реализации

Intransitive temporal multi-agent’s logic, knowledge and uncertainty, plausibility

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016. We study intransitive temporal logic implementing multiagent’s approach and formalizing knowledge and uncertainty. An innovative point here is usage of non-transitive linear time and multi-valued models - the ones using separate valuations Vj for agent’s knowledge of facts and summarized (agreed) valuation together with rules for computation truth values for compound formulas. The basic mathematical problems we study here are - decidability and decidability w.r.t. admissible rules. First, we study general case - the logic with non-uniform intransitivity and solve its decidability problem. Also we consider a modification of this logic - temporal logic with uniform non-transitivity and solve problem of recognizing admissibility in this logic

Multi-agent non-linear temporal logic with embodied agent describing uncertainty

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 We study multi-agent non-linear temporal Logic TEm , Int Knwith embodied agent. Our approach models interaction of the agents and various aspects for computation of uncertainty in multi-agent environment. We construct algorithms for verification satisfiability and truth statements in the logic TEm , Int Kn. Found computational algorithms are based at refutability of rules in reduced form at special finite frames of effectively bounded size. We show that our chosen framework is rather flexible and it allows to express various approaches to uncertainty and formalizing meaning of the embodied agent

Computing Truth of Logical Statements in Multi-Agents’ Environment

Thispaperdescribeslogical models and computational algorithmsforlogical statements(specs) including various versions ofChanceDiscovery(CD).The approachisbased attemporal multi-agentlogic. Prime question is how to express most essential properties of CD in terms of temporal logic (branching time multi-agents’ logic or a linear one), how to define CD by formulas in logical language. We, as an example, introduce several formulas in the language of temporal multi-agent logic which may express essential properties of CD. Then we study computational questions (in particular, using some light modification of the standard filtration technique we show that the constructed logic has the finite-model property with effectively computable upper bound; this proves that the logic is decidable and provides a decision algorithm). At the final part of the paper we consider interpretation of CD via uncertainty and plausibility in an extension ofthelineartemporallogicLTL and computationfortruth values(satisfiability) ofits formulas.Представленная статья посвящена построению логических моделей различных версий теории случайных открытий (СО) и описанию вычислительных алгоритмов для логических высказываний. Предлагаемый нами подход основывается на многоагентной временной логике. Главный вопрос состоит в том, как можно было бы выразить самые существенные свойства СО в терминах временной логики, многоагентной логики с ветвящимся временем или линейной логики и вообще как определить СО с помощью формул языка логики. Нами в статье введено несколько формул на языке многоагентной временной логики, которые способны выразить существенные свойства СО. Используя некоторую модифицированную стандартную технику фильтрации, мы показали, что сконструированная таким образом логика имеет свойство финитной аппроксимируемости с эффективно вычислимой верхней границей. Это доказывает, что такая логика разрешима и нами предъявлен алгоритм разрешения. В заключительной части статьи мы рассматриваем интерпретацию СО посредством неопределённости и вероятности в расширении временной линейной логики и вычисление истинностных значений её формул

4-(5-Amino-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridinium chloride monohydrate

In the cation of the title compound, C7H8N5 +·Cl−·H2O, the mean planes of the pyridine and 1,2,4-triazole rings form a dihedral angle of 2.3 (1)°. The N atom of the amino group adopts a trigonal–pyramidal configuration. The N atom of the pyridine ring is protonated, forming a chloride salt. In the crystal, inter­molecular N—H⋯O, N—H⋯N, N—H⋯Cl and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the cations, anions and water mol­ecules into layers parallel to the (1, 0, ) plane